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Abstract
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This study focuses on the numerical investigation and optimization of the heat-fluid transfer
process within a novel cavity containing a ternary nanofluid (Cu–MgO–ZnO/water) influenced by
a magnetic field. The research is conducted within a circular cavity featuring a cold wall and a
complex internal heat source. The governing equations, converted into dimensionless form, are
solved using a computational code based on the finite volume approach. The analysis encompasses
the effects of a wide range of physical parameters, including the Rayleigh number (Ra),
Hartmann number (Ha), magnetic field angle (α), radiation (Ra), nanoparticle shape factor (Sf),
and porosity (ԑ). The results revealed that increasing the nanoparticle shape factor leads to a
significant 61 % enhancement in the outer Nusselt number. This finding underscores the substantial
influence of the nanoparticle shape factor (Sf) on heat transfer compared to other
controlled variables. Furthermore, the response surface method is employed to determine the
optimal conditions that yield the highest Nusselt number, resulting in optimal values for Ra, Ha, ԑ,
Rd, α, and Sf of 2876, 44.26, 0.75, 0.073, 54.21, and 16.15, respectively. Consequently, the
highest average Nusselt number attained is 20.01. As a result, this optimization approach establishes
valuable correlations among various control parameters to enhance thermal energy,
offering valuable insights for designers in the development of thermal devices.
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