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Abstract
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Fluid cavities have important integral roles in different engineering systems. However, a significant
challenge is created by the natural convection (NC) within these cavities. Hence, the present work aimed to assess
the heat transfer (HT) and fluid flowwithin a porous medium. For this purpose, a base fluid (f)was chosen comprising
a 50–50 mixture ofwater–ethylene glycol.Moreover, by incorporating TiO2–Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles (HNP) into
the base fluid, their effect on theHTprocesses and flowwas explored. Primarily, the governing equations were derived
by considering momentum, continuity and energy equations. Then, similarity solutions were utilised to convert
partial differential equations (PDEs) for the flow and energy functions into ordinary differential equations (ODEs).
Then, the problem was solved by considering the boundary conditions. To solve the ODEs, the non-commercial
software Flex PDE was used through the numerical solution and finite element discretisation methods. Moreover,
in the present work, optimal values were used to determine the response surface method (RSM). According to the
results, an upward trend was presented by the temperature (T) profile with a decrementation in the electromagnetic
intensity and porosity level. Moreover, the temperature profile was not significantly affected by increasing the
radiation parameter (Rd).
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