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Abstract
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Exosomes are vesicles that naturally transport molecules between cells and have emerged
as promising systems for cancer therapy. Exosomes have a lipid bilayer membrane on
their surface that contains glycoproteins, tetraspanins, and receptors. DNA and
microRNA (miRNA) are enclosed inside the exosomes. Due to their ability to deliver
drugs, proteins, and miRNAs, they offer a selective, stable alternative to traditional
cancer treatments, which often have severe side effects. Exosomes can be engineered to
target cancer cells more effectively, reducing tumor growth and enhancing immune
responses. The method for isolating them is broken down into three main parts: (1) initial
steps before isolation that involve obtaining fluids containing exosomes, focusing on
protocols for organ explants and cell cultures; (2) The actual process of exosome
isolation, which includes various gradient options; and (3) procedures conducted after
isolation to assess the purity and quantity of the exosomal fraction. However, challenges
like production efficiency and standardization still need to be overcome. Artificial
exosomes, which combine the benefits of natural and synthetic systems, are being
developed to meet these needs. Future research could focus on optimizing exosome
engineering techniques and exploring their applications in various cancer therapies.
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