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Abstract
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Electrification across road, rail, marine, and short‑range aviation is reshaping transportation, with battery
design and simulation at the core of performance, safety, and cost. This paper presents an in‑depth
review of battery types and modeling workflows used in the transportation industry. We compare cell
chemistries—lead–acid, nickel–metal hydride, and lithium‑ion families (LFP, NMC/NCA)—alongside
emerging solid‑state and sodium‑ion options, mapping their trade‑offs to duty cycles and platforms. At
the design level, we examine cell‑to‑pack engineering, including materials, form factors (cylindrical,
prismatic, pouch), module and pack topology, battery management systems, thermal management, and
safety mechanisms for abuse conditions. On the simulation side, we outline a model hierarchy: (i)
reduced‑order equivalent‑circuit models for control, energy prediction, and on‑board diagnostics; (ii)
physics‑based electrochemical–thermal models for fast‑charge and degradation studies; and (iii)
CFD/FEA tools for cooling architecture and structural integrity, co‑simulated with representative drive
cycles (e.g., WLTP/UDDS) and extreme ambient scenarios. We synthesize literature into a normalized
metric set (Wh/kg, Wh/L, W/kg, $/kWh, cycle/calendar life, fast‑charge capability, thermal runaway
tolerance) and show how LFP suits buses/rail for longevity and safety, NMC/NCA enables long‑range
passenger cars, NiMH remains viable for HEVs, and solid‑state holds promise for aviation pending
scale‑up. Contributions are: a unified taxonomy and decision framework, a reference simulation
workflow, and identified gaps in aging models, data sharing, and digital‑twin validation—aimed at
accelerating safe, cost‑effective electrification.
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