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Keywords
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Bio-waste valorization, renewable energy, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification
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Abstract
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The valorization of bio-waste into renewable energy presents a promising solution to the dual challenges
of sustainable waste management and clean energy production. This review critically examines a range of
bio-waste conversion technologies—including anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification, fermentation,
and hydrothermal liquefaction—highlighting recent technological advancements and their potential to
contribute to green energy systems. While these processes offer significant environmental benefits such as
reduced greenhouse gas emissions and resource recovery, they also entail environmental trade-offs,
including emissions of air pollutants, energy consumption, and waste by-product management challenges.
Through a comprehensive analysis of lifecycle assessments and environmental impacts, this review
identifies key areas for optimization and improvement. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of
integrating bio-waste valorization within circular economy frameworks to enhance sustainability and
resource efficiency. The findings aim to guide researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders
toward developing scalable, environmentally responsible bio-waste-to-energy solutions that support the
transition to sustainable energy futures
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