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Abstract
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This paper introduces a solid–liquid modulator for the first time in a solid–liquid phononic crystal (PnC). Adjusting and
designing of the liquid-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in a solid phononic crystal play the key role to realize the novel
proposed modulator. The proposed PnC configuration is a square lattice composed of the circular vacuum cylinders immersed in an
aluminum background. This structure consists of several line defects creating the symmetric Y-shape MZI with the water inclusions.
The variations of water properties in the sensing arm of MZI result in changing the acoustic pressure in the output of the modulator.
The simulation results reveal that changing the temperature of the water inclusions in the sensing arm leads to the different output
phase shifts. This phase variation induces the destructive and constructive interference between two arms, where the modulator
output yields the maximum and the minimum values in a specific frequency (f s 233.9 kHz). Moreover, a high average quality
factor of 1700, and the ultra-high extinction ratio of − 25.12 dB result in the output profile of the proposed modulator. Besides, the
admirable insertion losses are obtained − 0.25, and − 21.53 dB for ON and Off modes, respectively.
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